پژوهش نامه تاریخ
پیاپی 26 (بهار 1391)

Shiism was proclaimed and established as the only official religion of Iran in 907 A.H. by Shah Ismail I. The extremist and fanatic policies of Safavid king about Shiism led to harmful results for Iran and especially for Khorasan that was neighbor to Sunnite kingdom of Transoxania. Sheibanid dynasty that was found by Sheibak Khan Uzbak was nearly contemporary to Safavid Dynasty. His founder was a warlike and fanatic man who was very opposed to prejudices of Safavid king. However he was killed in the battle of Marv the rushes of Uzbaks continued throughout Safavid area and the patient and oppressed inhabitants of Khorasan paid the price of the imprudence of their statesmen. Khorasan in Safavid area was counted as one of the old cultural and religious centers of Iran and the site of adherents of Ahl al-Bayt and the tomb of Imam Reza duplicate this position. Safavid dynasty as the promoter of Shiism had especial attention to this province and counted it as one of the important factors of its policies. Safavid kings especially Shah Abbas I repeatedly was going to pilgrimage of ImamReza's tomb and undoubtedly he seeks by this means legitimacy and acceptance of the masses.

Falling Room's empire in 5 century A.D, caused that Europe social situation decreased socially, religiously and culturally. Social overthrow made Christian Europe to "central centuries". In this period social crisis whose roots were in un powerful politic, caused that Europe scientific level decreased and no person or organ thought about its improvement.In addition, Christian priests didnt want to develop scientific areas; because of their unworthy behaviors, especially combination Christian religious with extravagant and organization of "inspection ideas" forbad the scientific processes, so European society fell politically, economically and morally. Finally, although church caused very difficult situation, several sects appeared in Christian in central centuries like Protestant which caused religious reformation and Ronessance in Europe. Also, some other factors affected in theses changes, like European people's relationship with people in Islamic western from Spanish and Sicily, especially after crusades wars.In this paper, writer wants to study social situation and organization of "inspection ideas" in church and its effects on European social and scientific situation in central centuries.

The collaps of the abbasid caliphate created a great polhthcal vaccum in the Islamic world. In these circummmmestanes, some pretenders rised for the caliphate position and the caliphate, farmally, transfrered to cairo, and al-mustansir put on the cloth of caliphate. some muslim rulers such us delhi sultans obeyed him and could obtain the charter of rulership. After the rise of timurids, the aforementioned method was changed. timur and his successors belived that, rulership, essemtially, belong to god and he himself bestows it to human. thus, they pretended the caliphate and sultanate position. Babur-one of the timur grandson-established the the timurid rule in india.the indian timurid emperors belived in the timurid rule in india. the indian timurid emperors believed in the thought of caliphate. Many indian historian –from baburera- have tititted their centemporary rulers as caliph.according to some historical sourcec such as: akbar nameh, jahan nameh, jahangir name, chosem histori (montakhab al-tawarikh), timurid emrerors –especially shahjahan whom titted as reneworot religion-pretended the caliphate position.this study tries to analyze the caliphate of indian timurid, under the historical method.

The present study investigates the causes, functions and the domain of Representative Organization during Imam Sadegh and Imam Kazem(PBUT) era. The main reasons for establishing the organization beginning with Imam Sadegh and continuing to Imam Mahdi(PBHT) were as follow: social, political and cultural circumstances contemporary to the Abbassid government, the difficulty involved in direct contact between Imams and Shiites due to existing threats to their lives, the need to decrease sensitivity of governments to Imams’ activities, collecting religious taxes, preparing Shiites to experience Imam Mahdi’s(PBUH)Long Absence. Representative Organization started its activities during Imam Sadegh (PBUH) and continued until Imam Mahdi’s(PBUH)Short Absence. A wide area including Hejaz, Iraq, Iran, North Africa was covered by the Organization.

The letters written by the Prophet (peace be upon him) to the kings and heads of different tribes was part of his prophethood for call unto Islam which announced the divine message to the people of thatera and made the Divine Order prevail. Although all the recipients had not positively replied, it prepared the way for their familiarity with Islam, and since one of the important missions of all prophets is announcement and conveying message, they fulfilled their duties at the first stage and on the other part it was an ultimatum to those who received the prophet's letters. Attention to the content of these lettersshow that the prophet's procedure was based on wisdom, awakeing and peace and he refrained from any threat, violence, fear and intimation. This issue is considered as one of the philosophical methods for spreading Islam at the prophet's era.

Wars between Iran and Rome during Sassanian period was one of the most important events in Ancient Iran, which attracted many historians in Europe and Asia. Recounting wars and conflicts, describing personages and incidents in different circumstances was under consideration of European (Roman) and Iranian (Islamic) historians since intellectual activity and creativity of historians mostly became eminent in accordance with wars and social unrest. In addition to analysis of events, they paidattention to reason,, manner, opinion and criticism. The present article deals with some accountswith regard to effective factors forming historical thinking and writings of historians.

Khosrau II (Khosrow Parviz), was the last great king of the Sasanian Empire. He was the last to recover Persian Empire. Due to wrong policies and behaviors and ambitious goals, he caused discontent among the military and political elites. He was aided by Emperor Maurice to return to power. In return, he seemingly supported Christians. This support weakened Zoroastrians and strengthened Christians in Western states. Such incorrect policies paved the way for Khosrau II’s decline and the Sassanid empire.

Transoxiana in the first Islamic centuries was ready had proper mental opportunities and backgrounds to accept Sufi’s beliefs due to its special cultural situation, the diversity of religions, and also beingadjacent to Sufi’s centers such as Khorasan. In addition, the appearance of famous religious scholars and leaders in Transoxiana, with whom Sufis established good relationships, and the positive approach of Sufi’s teachings encompassing opinions of all religious groups of Transoxiana led to more people becoming attracted to Sufi’s creeds such as Yasavyeh, Khajegan, etc. in Transoxiana and Turkistan during this century. Yasavyeh creed, founded Khwaja Ahmad Yasavi, found many followers among Turks of Turkistan and Transoxiana in a short period of time. This study is an attempt to investigate major currents of sufism in Transoxiana in the first Islamic centuries. It is also a study of the life and thoughts of Khwaja Ahmad Yasvy and growth of Yasvy mystical Sufism and its branches in Turkistan and Transoxiana.